Biodiversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Biodiversity - Essay Example A more diverse portfolio in making policies helps in reduction of risks the County and its people have to incur in case there is investment only in some few sectors of the economy. According to biological researches, more than 40% of the global economy and 80% of the poor peoples needs comes from biological resources. Thus, the rich biodiversity in Indiana increases opportunities for improvement in life through medical discoveries from nature and response to challenges like climate change (Gamfeldt, Hillebrand, and Jonsson, pp. 1223). The livelihood of the people of Indiana highly depends and has thrived on biodiversity in the area. The presence of a variety of plant and animal species in the area provides an opportunity for consumption of different components of the diet. Consumption of diet that is derived from different plant and animal sources is significant for the prevention of nutrition-related conditions like obesity, thus helps in reduction of the health burden in the area. The industrial sector in Indiana has equally thrived from biodiversity in the country. Industries working in lines like wood industry, fiber industry, oil production dyes and the like have thrived due to existence of readily available resources for their operation in the area thus improving the economic status of the County (Emmett Duffy, pp.

The Philosopher of Free

The Philosopher of Freedom and Empiricism Essay John Locke (August 29, 1632 – October 28, 1704) was a British Philosopher, Oxford scholar, medical researcher and physician, political operative, and economist. Alexander Popham, his father’s commander, helped him to gain an excellent education. It was 1964 when Locke started to study in Westminster School in London. John Locke had become the King’s scholar. The King’s scholar was group of intelligent boys who has the privilege to live in the school and to receive an allowance for two to three years before standing for election. After studying in Westminster school, he went to Christ Church in Oxford at the age of twenty. His years in college were devoted in taking logic and metaphysics and the classical languages. It was June 1658, when Locke was qualified as a Master of Arts and elected as Senior Student council in Christ Church College. After few years, Locke was elected as Lecturer in Greek, Lecturer in Rhetoric, and Lecturer in Philosophy. But then, John Locke declined the permanent positions to avoid confining himself in religious orders. Also, having studied medicine, John Locke served as a private physician and secretary to Anthony Ashley Cooper. His knowledge in scientific practice had influenced his political thoughts and methods. As author of the Essay Concerning Human Understanding and the Two Treatises, he made his place in the philosophical and political fields. He was considered as the first British empiricist. Locke said that all individuals were born without innate ideas or knowledge. When we were born, our mind is like a white sheet of paper; it is clear and does not have any ideas (tabula rasa). However, through experience which is derived from five senses, we can have an identity and firm foundation of knowledge. This knowledge is based on sensation and reflection. Sensation is our observation about external sensible objects; while reflection is from internal operations of our mind. John Locke implied that our passion or fantasy must not affect our reasons. He believed that observation and experience are the only strong foundations of knowledge. Observation can be simple which is always true or complex which is not always true and not corresponds with reality always. We can definitely be certain with our ideas if we can analyze our complex ideas back to the simple ideas where they originated. Truth will come out through the joining simple ideas in your head and matches the thing that your simple ideas represent in reality. His thoughts about the development of human knowledge became very useful in psychology- the association psychology. He was often called as the â€Å"Father of English Psychology†. Nowadays, his ideas are still applied in psychology. His work, the Essay, discussed his contribution about the philosophy of language. He said that language a basis for judgment. He said that the words we use do not have meanings, the meanings lie on the ideas in our mind. Among all his professions, John Locke was best known for his political thoughts. Arguing with Thomas Hobbes, John Locke stated that the original state of nature was happy and characterized by reason and tolerance. All people must attain equality and independence. Nobody has the right to abridge or harm another’s rights, life, liberty, and possessions. The state should be guided by natural law. Rights of property are very important, because each person has a right to the product of his or her labor. If one of the rights of citizens is being harmed, they have the right of overthrowing the government. John Locke’s political thoughts influenced the declaration of Independence in America by Thomas Jefferson. Until now, America is still under his influenced that everyone should be free.

House On Mango :: essays research papers

Esperanza Cordero is a very troubled patient of mine. Her family lives at poverty level, because the father is a gardener and her mother is a housewife, and has moved around many times in these early years of Esperanza’s life. Esperanza is very ashamed of things, depressed, but yet she is a very intelligent and caring young girl. She has gone through many terrifying and disturbing experiences in her life. She has been raped, her aunt died, her father getting devastated over her grandfather’s death, and she has not yet formed any friendships with other kids. Her house is in the slums of the town. The Cordero family consists of Rita (mom), Paco (father), Esperanza, Carlos, Kiki, and Nenny. The combined household income is at the poverty level with no hopes of that changing in the near future. They have moved from Paulina, to Keeler, to Loomis, and to Mango Street in the first six years of Esperanza’s life (3). The homes she has lived in were all run down apartments with very little amenities. Now her family lives in a run down house on Mango Street, but most likely the best place they have ever lived. Esperanza had to get a job in order to go to a private Catholic high school. Catholics do not attend public high schools. Also Esperanza’s father said, â€Å"Nobody went to public school unless you wanted to turn out bad.† (53). Esperanza’s job was at a photo shop that her Aunt had once worked at. At the photo shop she matched the negatives with the photos. She also has not been able to keep friends because of her constant moving around. Esperanza is very ashamed about many things such as her name, which means â€Å"too many letters† in Spanish and â€Å"hope† in English. People make fun of her name, and she thinks it sounds like something from a Mexican song that her father plays while he shaves (10). She is ashamed about her house because it is so run down and has a poor appearance, but it looks like all the other houses in the vicinity. People who come to her neighborhood want to leave because it frightens them by being so run down and dirty (28). The final thing she is ashamed of is not having money to pay for school and her having to get a job to go to high school.

The Spirit of Public Administration by H George Frederickson

H. George Frederickson†s â€Å"The Spirit of Public Administration† is an informative yet drab look at motivating public administrators. Frederickson discusses a wide variety of topics that would be useful to any public administrator, but the verbiage used is a bit difficult for an individual that may be entering into the service field â€Å"The Spirit of Public Administration is broken down into three parts. These parts are: Part I: Governance, Politics, and the Public Part III: Ethics, Citizenship, and Benevolence in Public Administration Frederickson did take the initiative to explain public administration and some of its functions before going in-depth on different facets of the role. Some great topics discussed were governance, fairness and social equity, and ethics and public administration. Frederickson begins in Chapter 1 by explaining that â€Å"public administration is both a profession and field of study (p. 19).† This statement is very exact. Often times public administrators focus on the profession and do not practice studying their role in society. â€Å"The word administration is the subject of extended study, analysis, and discourse (p. 19).† Meaning the role of the public administrator is to lead along with learning as they progress through their careers. Also, in the chapter, Frederickson addresses ways in which to encourage citizen involvement in government. Frederickson acknowledges Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age, 11-point suggestion in achieving the goal: 2. Television town meetings and a civic communications cooperative 3. Civic education and equal access to information: a civic education postal act and a civic videotext service. 4. Supplementary institutions, including representative town meetings, office holding by lot, decriminalization, and lay justice 5. A national initiative and referendum process 7. Election by slot; sortition and rotation 8. Vouchers and the market approach to public choice 9. National citizenship and common action: universal citizen service and related volunteer programs and training and employment opportunities 10. Neighborhood citizenship and common action: extensive volunteerism and sweat-equity Frederickson evaluates that some of these suggestions may be impractical. As an african-american citizen, all of the suggestions seemed impractical. Often times, minority populations do not have the time to participate in meetings and volunteerism. A more effective way may be informative newsletters that provide alternate solutions that are not as time consuming. Chapter 2 and 3 discusses the political aspect of public administration and governance. In Chapter2, Frederickson discusses the theory on which his book is based upon, the Hamiltonian tradition. This chapter makes valid points in how important it is for administrators to be versed in politics. Administrators are not delegated power through the U.S. Constitution, but state constitutions are political processes allow for administrators to be more involved in government. Through this vital tool, administrators are able to profoundly assist the public. After addressing the political aspect, Frederickson makes a smooth transition in Chapter 3 to discuss governance. Frederickson points out that there are several different definitions in defining governance. Frederickson makes a profound remark by stating, â€Å"it is likely that governance is the preferred modern theory that attempts to marry politics to administration (p. 92).† Frederickson also list five vital points pertaining to governance (p.92): 2. Governance is a remarkable fusion of popular literature on government reform, popular executive politics, serious empirical scholarship, and modern public administration theory. 3. Public administration as governance has a better windup than pitch. 4. The use of governance as a surrogate for public administration masks the fundamental issue of what ought to be the role of non-elected public officials in a democratic party There must always be boundaries set between governing and governance. â€Å"In public administration as governance, it is essential that we do not diminish our institutions to such an extent that we lose our capacity to support the development of sound public policy, as well as our ability to effectively implement that policy (p.94).† Chapter 4 begins Part II a very important aspect of Public Administration, Issues of Fairness. During Chapter 4, Frederickson utilizes different philosophers to express how discretion is part of government and non-profit organizational life. To further reiterate the importance of this topic, Frederickson discusses in Chapter 5 the specifics of fairness and social equity in the theory and practice of public administration. Frederickson reviews theoretical, legal, and analytical developments of the past twenty years as it pertains to fairness and social equity. These two chapters were crucial in actually focusing on the â€Å"spirit† of public administration due to the increased amount of fraud and lack of faith citizens have for government. Chapter 4 and 5 validates intergenerational concepts of public administration that are discussed in Chapter 6. The success of public administrators is based on future generations. Frederickson believes moral and ethical responsibility should be extended to future generations. As he states, â€Å"philosophy and the practical affairs of people is to practice fairness, justice and equity†¦.There can be no moral community without some agreed upon arrangements for all three (p.150).† Morality in government has been extended from generation to generation. Government has tried to fix moral wrongs through creating the public school system to provide education for all, the abolition of slavery, and constantly raising concerns of ecology for future generations. â€Å"Following the logic of the command theory of social equity, public officials should seek to adopt and implement policies that support intergenerational social equity (p.151).† For example, Garrett Hardin (1980) addressed problems of overpopulation. Because of this concern for upcoming generations, contraceptives and education have been provided to all classes to preserve the nation economy, which allows society to sustain or improve its current condition. Privatization has also been a concern addressed for future generations. Frederickson expresses, â€Å"government through public policy must intervene in the private market to regulate in favor of future generations (p.153).† Just as government and administrators have done in the past, regulating private companies will protect the interest of the public while allowing government to continue generating revenue for future generations. Chapters 7 through 11 compose Part III of The Spirit of Public Administration. Part III discusses Ethics, Citizenship, and Benevolence in Public Administration. Chapter 7 discusses very controversial issues on ethics in public administration. The chapter effectively begins by discussing how government reform of the early 20th Century has affected American government today and that the current practices of ethic reform will have the same lasting effect. In early government..†Increasing administrative capacity and decreasing politics reduced corruption. In the present case, we are moving in the opposite direction, reducing administrative capacity and increasing political control, with the probability that more rather than less corruption will result (p.181).† A point that Frederickson stated was that â€Å"today, government provides more controls on political corruption than in the past (p.181).† Based on recent events that continuously occur, i.e. embezzlement, fraud, that statement may have been slightly skewed. Frederickson validates the statement by addressing innovative tasks that are or should be followed in ethics research agenda: 1. Standards of right and wrong vary significantly from context to context. 2. Researchers should compare ethical standards and behavior between settings, professions, and cultures. 3. Researchers should assess the effect on the behavior of government officials, both political and administrative of traditional procedural and managerial controls compared with modern approaches. 5. Assess the influence of privatization on governmental corruption and ethics 6. Measure the effects of reduced administrative discretion on both administrative effectiveness and ethics. Chapters 8 through 11 focused on boundaries and roles that the public administrator should adhere to and how negative views of government effect administrators in a positive and negative light. These chapters seem to become redundant and uninformative because they seem to focus more on a national level than local and most administrators† function at a state or local capacity. In Chapter 8 Frederickson discusses several points on the pros and cons of negative views of government: Good results of negative opinions of government: 2. Funding for schools and higher standards Bad results (less ethical government) 1. Due to downsizing of merit civil servants, the loss of institutional memory and the â€Å"hollowing out† of government. 2. Deregulation. No rules which gives incentive to fraud). 3. Contract employees (high kickback and fraud) 4. Authorities and special districts (fraud on fee-for-service contracts). This statement plainly shows that government is in need of much work and public administrators will continue to have the hardest task of gaining citizen trust based on government†s profound corruption. Though Frederickson should have definitely created an upbeat book to keep the â€Å"spirit† of public administration motivated, he brought forth some valid points that a public administrator could utilize. The conclusions of his overly long chapters helped the reader to stay abreast on the points that he was expressing in each chapter. Due to time constraints of most administrators, a cliff notes version or quick reference book would be an ideal tool for public servants on all levels.

Health Communication Strategies To Inform Health And Social Care Essay

Health communicating encompasses the survey and usage of communicating schemes to inform and act upon single and community determinations that enhance wellness. It links the spheres of communicating and wellness and is progressively recognized as a necessary component of attempts to better personal and public wellness ( National Cancer Institute ( NCI ) , 1989 ; Jackson and Duffy, 1998 ; Piotrow, et al. , 1997 ) . Health communicating can lend to all facets of disease bar and wellness publicity. For persons, effectual wellness communicating can assist raise consciousness of wellness hazards and solutions provide the motive and accomplishments needed to cut down these hazards, assist them happen support from other people in similar state of affairss, and affect or reinforce attitudes ( NCI, 1989 ) . Health communicating besides can increase demand for appropriate wellness services and decrease demand for inappropriate wellness services. For the community, wellness communicating can be used to act upon the populace docket, advocator for policies and plans, promote positive alterations in the socioeconomic and physical environments, better the bringing of public wellness and wellness attention services, and promote societal norms that benefit wellness and quality of life ( Piotrow, 1997 ) . It is used to forestall morbidity and mortality and to advance a impression of holistic wellness and well-being ( Nova, 2008 ) . Communication in wellness takes topographic point on many degrees, including single, group, administration, community or mass-media. Health practicians have an of import function in the betterment of single, group, or community wellness by â€Å" encouraging people to get down or increase wellness advancing behaviors and to discontinue or diminish wellness damaging behavior † ( Jones and Donovan, 2004 ) .Communication procedure is a multi-dimensional dealing ( Nova,2008 ) . Health publicity aims to cut down inauspicious wellness hazards in an full population by aiming those at high, low and no hazard. Review of the literature suggests that mass media communications runs addition consciousness, information seeking, cognition and purpose to alter behaviors, better attitudes and consequence in behavior alteration ( Freimuth and Taylor, 1996 ) . Theory is defined as a set of interconnected constructs, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic position of phenomena by specifyA ­ing dealingss among variables, with the intent of explicating and foretelling the phenomena ( Kerlinger, 1973 ) . It presents a systematic manner of understanding events or state of affairss. Using theory as a foundation for plan planning and development is consistent with the current accent on utilizing evidence-based intercessions in public wellness. For the intent of this assignment, I will be turn toing the issue of arthritis concentrating on the theoretical and practical direction, leading and communicating issues to be addressed for the effectual executing of a wellness run to forestall arthritis and promote lifestyle alteration, including physical activity, weight loss, and decrease in ingestion of concentrated fats and intoxicant. Background to the wellness issue Definition of Arthritis Arthritis and other arthritic conditions are among the most common chronic conditions and the taking cause of disablement in the United States ( CDC, 2003a ) .These conditions often lead to restrictions in work, diversion, and usual activities, including basic self-care. Three of the most common signifiers of arthritis are osteoarthritis, arthritic arthritis, and fibromyalgia. aˆ? Osteoarthritis or â€Å" degenerative articulation disease. Degeneration of joint gristle and alterations in underlying bone and back uping tissues lead to trouble, stiffness, motion jobs, and activity restrictions ( CDCP, 1999 ) . aˆ? Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by chronic redness of the joint liner. Symptoms include hurting, stiffness, and swelling of multiple articulations. This lead to bone and gristle eroding, joint malformations, motion jobs, and activity restriction ( CDCP,1999 ) . aˆ? Fibromyalgia is a hurting syndrome affecting musculus and musculus attachment countries. Common symptoms include widespread hurting throughout the musculuss of the organic structure, sleep upsets, weariness, concerns, and cranky intestine syndrome and happen more normally in adult females than work forces ( ( Helmick et al. , 2008 ) . Planing Rationale The Arthritis Burden Approximately 27 million people in United State have degenerative arthritis, 5 million have fibromyalgia, and another 2.1 million have rheumatoid arthritis ( Helmick et al. , 2008 ) .In add-on, arthritis has a important consequence on quality of life, non merely for those who experience its painful symptoms and ensuing disablement, but besides for their household members and attention givers. Arthritis prevalence additions with age. Prevalence of arthritis is higher among adult females ( 28.3 % ) than work forces ( 18.2 % ) ( CDC, 2003b ) . Arthritis yearly consequences in 36 million ambulatory attention visits, 744,000 hospitalizations, 9,367 deceases, 19 million people with activity restrictions ( Helmick et al. , 2008 ) . Therefore, arthritis has become one of the most urgent public wellness jobs in the universe, a job that is expected to decline unless prompt and responsible action is taken. Effectss of arthritis: Arthritis is a menace to a individual ‘s physical, psychological, societal, and economic well-being. It frequently deprives people of their freedom and independency and can interrupt the lives of household members and other attention givers. Physical symptoms of arthritis include hurting, loss of joint gesture, and weariness. Psychological emphasis, depression, choler, and anxiousness frequently accompany arthritis. Social wellbeing is affected by arthritis. Peoples with arthritis often experience decreased community engagement, troubles in school, and sexual jobs. Economic deductions of arthritis include unequal entree to care, and fiscal loads due to wellness attention costs and income loss ensuing from work restrictions. Arthritis is 2nd merely to bosom disease as a major cause of lost work. ( La Plante, 988 ) . Hazard factors for arthritis Three of these factors are: non-modifiable female sex, older age, and familial sensitivity. Although these factors can non be changed, cognition of their presence helps place groups at higher hazard for arthritis so that intercession attempts can be targeted consequently. aˆ?Women aged 15 old ages and older history for 60 % of arthritis instances. At least 26.4 million adult females have arthritis, the taking chronic status among adult females, ( Callahan et al. , 1996 ; CDC, 1995 ) . aˆ? Age is besides associated with increased hazard of arthritis. One-half of the aged population is affected by arthritis, and hazard additions with age. aˆ? Genetic sensitivity. Certain cistrons are known to be associated with a higher hazard of some types of arthritis. Modifiable hazard factors are besides associated with increased hazard of arthritis. These include aˆ? Obesity. ( CDC, 1996 ) aˆ? Joint hurts. aˆ? Infections. aˆ? Certain businesss ( for illustration, agriculture, heavy industry, and businesss with insistent knee-bending ( Felson et al. , 1991 ; Felson and Zhang, 1998 ) . Health publicity Approach This construct encompasses three degrees: aˆ? Primary bar is designed to forestall a disease or status ( arthritis ) from happening in the first topographic point. Physical activity to cut down the hazard of arthritis is an illustration of primary bar step. aˆ? Secondary bar efforts to place a disease in its earliest phase so that prompt and appropriate direction can be initiated. Successful secondary bar reduces the impact of the disease. aˆ?Tertiary bar focal points on cut downing or minimising the effects of a disease once it has developed. The end of third bar is to extinguish, or at least hold, the oncoming of complications and disablement due to the disease. Primary bar schemes that exist for arthritis Merely a few primary bar schemes are considered effectual for arthritis. These include: aˆ?Weight control: Keeping an appropriate weight or cut downing weight to a recommended degree lowers a individual ‘s hazard for certain common signifiers of arthritis. Obesity is a hazard factor for degenerative arthritis of the articulatio genus ( Felson and Zhang, 1998 ; Roubenoff et al. , 1991 ) . aˆ? Occupational hurt bar: Taking safeguards to avoid insistent articulation usage and ensuing joint hurt in the occupational scene can assist to forestall arthritis ( Felson, 1991 ) . aˆ? Sports hurt bar: Exploitation recommended injury bar schemes ( for illustration tune-ups, beef uping exercisings, and appropriate equipment ) aid to avoid joint hurts and harm to ligaments and gristle, all of which can increase the hazard of degenerative arthritis ( Felson and Zhang, 1998 ) . The secondary bar schemes for arthritis status aˆ? Early diagnosing. Early diagnosing of all types of arthritis is of import ( Rao et al. , 1997 ) aˆ? Medical intervention. Antibiotic intervention for early Lyme disease can forestall subsequently phase disease ( Steere, 1990 ; Schoen, 1994 ) . Decrease of uric acid degrees in urarthritis and early usage of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs ( DMARDs ) for rheumatoid arthritis can better long-run results. The third bar schemes for Arthritis status Third bar schemes can cut down hurting and disablement, increase a individual ‘s sense of control, and better quality of life. aˆ? Self-management aˆ?Weight control and physical activity: are of import constituents of a disease direction plan. Being overweight is associated with increased hazard of degenerative arthritis, and weight loss reduces the hazard of articulatio genus degenerative arthritis ( Felson, 1992 ) . PACE ( Peoples with Arthritis Can Exercise ) is one such community-based recreational exercising plan. aˆ? Education: is another effectual self-management intercession for people with arthritis. aˆ? Rehabilitation services: Physical and occupational therapy can rectify damages and diminish activity restrictions. aˆ? Medical and surgical intervention: Many different drugs are used to handle arthritis. Medicines for some types of arthritis can restrict disease patterned advance, control symptoms, and prevent serious complications. Joint replacing therapy is most appropriate for people with chronic, terrible hurting or activity restrictions. Schemes for the success of the communicating plan The undermentioned activities will be carried out to guarantee the success of the communicating plan: Thorough state of affairs analysis This is one of the first stairss in planing an effectual communicating plan. Determination of the current load of arthritis, the degree of consciousness of the wellness issue by the populace, and the sort of communicating scheme in topographic point are critical. Besides, a thorough apprehension of the mark audience is necessary. It is of import to cognize their demographic, societal, political, cultural and economic features. This can be carried out through cardinal interviews, observations, and concentrate group treatments studies. Strategy Goal The overall end of this Plan is to excite and beef up a national co-ordinated attempt for cut downing the happening of arthritis and its attendant disablement. Specific ends are to aˆ? Establish a solid scientific base of cognition on the bar of arthritis and related disablement. aˆ? Increase consciousness of arthritis, its impact, the importance of early diagnosing and appropriate direction, and effectual bar schemes. aˆ? Implement effectual plans to forestall the oncoming of arthritis and its related disablement. Scheme Purposes aˆ? Increase public consciousness of arthritis as the taking cause of disablement and an of import public wellness job. aˆ? Promote early diagnosing and appropriate direction for people with arthritis to guarantee them the maximal figure of old ages of healthy life. aˆ? Minimize preventable hurting and disablement due to arthritis. aˆ? By developing and accessing the resources they need to get by with their disease. aˆ? Ensure that people with arthritis receive the household, equal, and community support they need. Scheme Aims The aims must be SMART that is it should be specific, mensurable, accomplishable, realistic and clip edge ( Naidoo and Wills, 2009 ) . The aims will include: To increase the degree of consciousness and cognition of arthritis To advance positive attitudes towards lifestyle alteration. To better activities of day-to-day life and rehabilitation. Execution Communication Schemes for the Public This mark audience, the broadest of the three, includes all Americans. These precedence audiences include ( CDCP,1999 ) aˆ? Peoples with arthritis symptoms. aˆ? At-risk populations ( for illustration, cultural groups, medically underserved populations, and groups with low socioeconomic position ) . aˆ? Family members of people with arthritis. aˆ?Women. aˆ? Non-traditional spouses ( for illustration, colleagues, neighbors, faith communities, Meals on Wheels plans, and local merchandisers ) . aˆ? Federal, province, and community authorities leaders. Three major schemes should be used to present these messages to the precedence public audiences: 1. Promote partnerships to present consistent messages that reach full populations. Because of the comprehensiveness of the audience necessitating arthritis-related messages and the diverseness of subpopulations within that audience, administrations and bureaus must pool their resources and attempts to present a consistent message. aˆ? Identify national and province alliances that address hazard factors for arthritis. aˆ? Strengthen coactions among authorities bureaus, voluntary wellness bureaus, and professional organisations. aˆ? Coordinate a communicating run on behalf of all partnership web members. aˆ? Seek and construct on dependable beginnings of arthritis information, actions, and services. 2. Behavior market research to determine the messages. Because arthritis potentially affects all community members, arthritis-related messages and bringing channels need to be tailored to appeal to different sections of the community. This grade of specification requires market research to both determine the message and bringing channels and prove their effectivity as consciousness runs are developed. aˆ? Identify subpopulations within mark groups for arthritis messages. aˆ? Design and implement behavioral research to find the wellness patterns and media penchants of each mark group. aˆ? Develop and trial arthritis and disablement messages for physical activity runs, nutrition and weight control plans. aˆ? Develop messages about the importance of weight care and physical activity. aˆ? Produce stuffs that can be used by bureaus and administrations that serve mark groups. 3. Increase consciousness throughout all communities. It touches people throughout the community: kids in schools, employees in the worksite, participants in senior Centres, members of all religions, and stray persons populating entirely. . aˆ? Tailor messages and develop runs to make people with undiagnosed arthritis and to motivate them to seek early diagnosing and appropriate direction. aˆ?Tailor messages about community norms for weight and physical activity. aˆ? Develop messages about hurt bar. aˆ? Add to bing physical activity runs messages about the function of physical activity in minimising arthritis disablement. aˆ? Increase consciousness of the nexus between arthritis and weight control, physical activity, and nutrition. aˆ? Ensure that messages efficaciously counteract predominating misconceptions. aˆ? Include arthritis bar messages in wellness education/healthy lifestyle plans in schools and workplaces. Incorporate arthritis into chronic disease bar, wellness publicity and instruction, and other plans of province and local wellness sections. Several bar schemes for arthritis are similar to risk-factor decrease schemes for other chronic conditions. Many province and local wellness sections already have plans directed toward increasing physical activity, advancing a healthy diet, and cut downing fleshiness. All of these plans could be modified to integrate an arthritis-specific message. In add-on, province and local wellness sections have the chance to plan plans directed at cut downing arthritis disablement through appropriate bar messages. aˆ? Encourage province and local wellness sections to do arthritis patient instruction stuffs available at all intervention sites. aˆ? Facilitate partnerships between public wellness bureaus and managed attention administrations to supply appropriate arthritis instruction across the natural disease spectrum, from prediagnosis through disablement direction, and in all types of attention scenes ( for illustration, community-based attention, and in-home attention ) ( CDCP,1999 ) . Communication Schemes for Health Professionals This audience includes all clinical, community, and public wellness professionals who potentially affect the wellness and wellbeing of people with or at hazard for arthritis ( CDCP,1999 ) . Subgroups of the wellness professional audience include aˆ? Primary wellness attention suppliers, including baby doctors, who see the bulk of arthritis patients. aˆ? Rheumatologists, physiatrists, orthopedic sawboness, pediatricss, rheumatologists, and other doctors. aˆ? Nurses. aˆ? Physical healers and occupational healers. aˆ? Social workers and mental wellness workers. aˆ? Chiropractors. aˆ? Chiropodists. aˆ? Exercise and fittingness professionals, instructors, and managers. aˆ? Alternative medical specialty practicians. aˆ? Pharmacists. aˆ? Public wellness community members ( for illustration, pedagogues, public wellness nurses, and plan directors ) . Although the specific message will change for different types of suppliers, all of these professionals must cognize aˆ? The prevalence of arthritis and its impact on disablement and quality of life. aˆ? The most common myths about arthritis and accurate information to chase away them. aˆ? Preventive schemes. aˆ? The importance of early diagnosing of the type of arthritis and appropriate direction schemes. aˆ? Referral beginnings ( that is when and where to mention ) . aˆ? Beginnings of support. aˆ? The value of self-management and other non pharmacological intercessions. To be able to step in early and suitably to cut down disablement, wellness professionals must hold accurate, up-to-date information about arthritis. The undermentioned attacks should be tailored, based on behavioral research, to each type of wellness professional ( CDCP,1999 ) . Better the cognition, attitudes, and patterns of primary attention practicians and other doctors through undergraduate and alumnus instruction, go oning medical instruction, and in-service instruction. Better the cognition, attitudes, and patterns of other wellness professionals through undergraduate and alumnus instruction, go oning instruction, and in-service instruction. Widen the range of arthritis-related messages by utilizing communicating vehicles such as province and county medical societies, province and national professional organisations, professional newssheets and conferences, and web sites of professional organisations and protagonism groups. Evaluation and Feedback A baseline appraisal would be carried out and indexs would be set. For illustration, the plan may be assessed based on alterations in the degrees of consciousness, and the proportion of people with arthritis who can now pull off the symptoms on their ain. This will function as provender back for betterments in future intercessions. Decision Although wellness communicating is an built-in constituent of quality attention ( Vahabi, 2007 ) , developing and pull offing an effectual wellness communicating run is no easy undertaking. In visible radiation of empirical grounds back uping the benefits of wellness publicity and the premiss that effectual wellness communications can impact preventative wellness patterns ( Vahabi, 2007 ) , and in the context of wellness publicity pattern moralss, it is indispensable to guarantee that the bringing of optimum wellness communicating is deemed a high-priority wellness publicity issue. By contrast, hapless wellness communicating taking to less-than-optimal attention bringing and results ( Aitkens et al. , 2005 ) and unequal apprehension of self-care behaviors can ensue in legal branchings and decreased life quality ( Betancourt et al. , 2000 ) . Vahabi ( 2007 ) stated that miscommunications or failures to pass on wellness hazards can besides endanger people ‘s safety and their well ness position. In add-on, disbursement clip on some issues and non on others and non taking people ‘s capacities or state of affairss into history may impact their ability to entree wellness attention and their self-respect and rights to the benefits of optimum wellness instruction. A thorough apprehension of the theoretical issues underlying behavioral alteration and the assorted schemes for effectual execution are of import issues to see. However theory entirely can non vouch the success of any plan. An effectual director must besides understand the practical issues involved and cognize how best to cover with these issues for successful results. Besides equal plan planning is indispensable, but even the best laid programs may non be good executed if the people do non hold the right managerial accomplishments. Development of effectual leading and direction accomplishments are hence of import and must besides be considered in the success of the plan.

Euro Zone Economic Crisis and its Impact

Euro Zone Economic Crisis and its Impact Introduction The EU was formed in 1957 and efforts to coordinate the currency into single formidable currency took place later in 1992 through the Maastricht Treaty that was later launched in 1999. This led to the introduction of rules that were to be followed the EU members so as to be allowed to use the euro.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Euro Zone Economic Crisis and its Impact specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The condition came to be known as the Convergence criteria of which low and stable inflation, stable exchange rate and sound public finances were to be followed strictly (Rossi and Aguilera 8-11). The introduction of the Euro lead to its adoption into the national central banks of each member states as a monetary measure. This led to the formation of an independent European Central Bank (ECB) to serve this purpose. The formation of the EU has facilitated international trade among the member states (Rossi a nd Aguilera 12). However, this picture has not been the way it is found in the strategies of EU Commission. The global recession that hit the world in years 2007 and 2008 and other financial crises have led to deep problems in the economies of Euro countries. The Euro zone crisis requires a serious study to understand the cause and the strategies needed to restore the Euro into normalcy. This paper will thus focus on these issues revolving around the Euro crises. Background Information Causes of Euro Zone Crises According to the Stability and Growth pact stipulated in the heart of European Union Economic integration, it was agreed that the member states should not borrow more than 3% of their economies. The problem seems to stem from large debts held by some of the member countries hence producing a spiral effect to other members. The problem probably is as a result of structural maladjustments as IMEMO observes in their report of the crisis. Member countries like Spain, Italy, Fran ce, Germany and Greece have witnessed the fall of the euro against the dollar by 15 percent in the year 2010. The crisis has seen the euro plummet to below the 1.20 dollar benchmark forcing foreign efforts to intervene to save Greek on the verge of collapsing. According to IMEMO, the crises have four key features. In the first feature as already mentioned, there exists the problem of structural and economic gaps between member states of the EU. An analysis of these inconsistencies reveals that Southern European member countries are not as advances as the leading European countries. This is reflected by the low quality education statistics that fall behind the framework of the EU.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These gaps reveal that disparities between the EU countries contribute to differences in the purchasing power of the low performing countries. These souther n countries have backward moving and uncompetitive economies with constantly low GDPs. The average purchasing power indicator shows that the following nations have below the average 108% value of more than half of the Euro Countries, Greece 95%, Slovenia, 86%, 78% for Malta and Portugal and Slovenia 72%. Therefore, the problem lies in their grouping as members of the Euro countries yet they remain behind in term of competitive advantage. In the ensuing effect, these nations have the attitude of approaching the EU as a forum where they improve the standards of living. Further, the strategies they use in this effort is only geared toward maintaining international standards as per the EU without working on the details of internal production, increased sale and cross border production. They have low labor productivity compounded by low levels of human capital that lags behind serious in the information knowledge technology economy (IMEMO para. 3-6). Their R D is almost absent, and the private business sector reveals lack of involvement leading to the backward trend. When compared with the leaders’ these countries will take time to get at par with the developed and advancing countries in Euro zone. This led to countries living beyond their means since the wages grew fast at the pressure of trade unions and the need to maintain the standards of welfare at the expense of poor social security system, ineffective administration hence the need to borrow more for sustenance. Efforts to devaluate the credit and monetary policy in different structured countries can only lead to varied results that are not feasible. This is because this measure leaves out the structural consideration needed to boost such economies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Euro Zone Economic Crisis and its Impact specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second problem lies in the systemic and institutional nature of the Union. Th e member nations have handed the monetary power to the Commission which through the ECB has done its bets to maintain the inflation rate at 2.5 percent, kept prices stable and the exchange rate between the dollar reflecting long term trends. However, the lack of inclusion of other key economic policies in the hands of the Union leaves the national members states with the option of dictating their one course. In the long run, there arises an uncoordinated guideline in the nations. These economic situations have worsened especially in individual member states. The situation is made worse with the lack of economic coordination. This had led to conflicts with ECB. This is because of the emerging issues and disagreements regarding individual governments’ economic problems, which spreads to the whole economic policy of the Euro community. The third problem lies in the fiscal nature and abilities. All the euro states have breached the Maastricht criteria that stipulate that borrowin g should not exceed 3 percent of the states budget of GPD. The reform brought by France and Germany in 2005 fuelled the problem by eliminating the measures designated to check the flouting of Maastricht criteria. Countries like Britain had not been in this excessive budget deficit due to the concern of the pound. Therefore, when the world financial and economic crisis hit, Britain was not affected. The European nations at this time went overboard in borrowing in order to revive, restructure and rearrange their economies for effective energy use at the expense of diminishing budget revenues. This had the effect of increasing budget deficits to unimagined magnitudes. In this case, the euro zone governments spending rose to 50.7 percent in 2009 from 46 percent in 2007 as budget revenue decreased from 45.4 to 44.4 percent in a span of two years. This resulted to a deficit of 6.3 percent (IMEMO, para 5). This debt problem is explained by unjustified growth backed by borrowing. This probl em was compounded further by the previous surge in household debts base on mortgage and consumer debts that read about 99 percent in the make up of GPD in 2007. I other countries like Spain, this had shot up to 125%; however, when compared to 134% recorded in the US, these were lower.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This had a serious effect on the Euro zone debt problem just like the increased foreign debts of the euro zone bank’s liabilities. This was indicated by high financial leverages of 21 to 49 in European Banks s compared to 12 and 17 in US banks. Also, the problem of bank cross border integration led to some banks becoming more vulnerable from the operations of foreign others in the Euro zone (IMEMO, para 8). This problem is also compounded by leading behaviors of banks and especially the German and France banks. This forms the fourth feature of the Euro crisis know as the credibility gap of the financial institutions, in the member states as well as the Euro region governance as a whole. This was compounded by the need and insistence for integration against the least effective anti crisis measures by some member states. The crisis in each member countries has had various effects due to these problems. In the export oriented countries, GDP has gone down like in Germany 2009 bei ng overtaken by the productivity values of south European countries like Greece and Spain. The rising unemployment rate has compounded the problem in Euro nations rising to two folds in nations like Spain and Ireland. This forms the basis for social protests that hinder the implementation of anti-crises measures. This results to state problems like those of Greece. Greek in the Middle of the Crises Greece faces debt from the external and internal point of view. For internal debt, the public sector has for a long time run one budget deficits. In the case of external debts, deficits have been caused by too much current account deficits hence an illustration of living beyond its means. The international crisis has affected the Greek economy in a severe way since the last quarter of 2008. Hellenic Statistical Authority noted that in the last quarter of 2008, the increase in GDP was only 0.7%, compared to the rest of the year in which it was over 2 per cent. This trend started 2009; and since then, the economy has deepened into economic recession. According to Hellenic Statistical Authority; In 2009, the annual decrease in GDP was 2 %. In addition to this, the Greek economy has faced the problem of fiscal disorders. Indeed, in 2009, the deficit was 12.7 % of GDP [whereas] the public debt was estimated at 113.4% of GDP (p.20). The IMF report noted that the Greek economy enjoyed a period of considerable growth (1994-beginning of 2008). According to the IMF, in 2009, the Greek GDP was decreased by 2 %; in the last quarter, the reduction in GDP was 2.5%. The IMF predicted that the 2010 Greek GDP to be 2% (p.19). Also, predictions about the economies reveal a gleam picture. The IMF also predicted that during 2011; the Greek economy would remain in depression and that the GDP would continue to decrease by 1.1%. On the other hand, the Euro region would go to an increase of 1.5% (IMF, 20). There is a prediction by economists that public debt will reach 150% of GPD by 2014. Table 1: Important Statistics Greece’s: 2009 2014* Change Nominal GDP (Euro in bn) Debt(%of GDP) Interest Payments (% of GDP) Debt (euro in bn) 237.5 113.4 -12.7 5.0 269.3 225.6 149.2 -2.9 7.2 336.7 -0.5+ 35.8++ 9.8++ 2.2++ 67.4 * Economist Projection +Per cent ++Percentage Points Source: The Economist, para 6. Table 2: Competitiveness Index 2006 2002 1994 Greece Spain Portugal Ireland -0.502 -0.213 -0.211 0.215 -0.498 -0.128 -0.195 0.247 -0.382 -0.068 -0.198 0.118 Source: Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 169. Of all the members’ nations of the Euro Zone, Greece is the worst hit country. Other nations like Italy, Portugal, Spain and Ireland face the problem of domino effect. Greece is the leading nation in government finance problems. The debt has risen to 300 billion euros, which translates to over 100 percent of the states GPD. This is mirrored in other states that have poor financial strength amid rapidly growing national debts. Greece has been unable to meet the anti-crisis program targets due to different social economic positions when compared to other nations. Greek’s strength on information technology is poor as compared to Ireland, and its mortgage sector contributed largely to the crisis. The reduction of exports has hurt most economies Germany included. The problem of Greece has been noted by many, and IMEMO indicate that Greece is on the brink of default. However, it is worth noting that Greece was not the first to get in the deep circle of crises. Countries like Ireland and Portugal had to work hard to get foreign assistance in order to avoid default (IMEMO, para. 9). First recent news that Greece doctored its statistics to a favorable image for EU zone explains a series of problems back at home. Also, massive corruption and lack of private investment regulation has led to the process that has put Greece at the center stage of the Euro Zone crisis. The Greek debt is further compounded by serious streets protest tha t hinder anti crisis measures to help alleviate the brink to bankruptcy. The in the last two years the government has received two bail outs from the Members of EU circle but these have not solved the problem. Today Greece faces a daunting task of reducing wages at the cost of street protest. The government contemplates on imposing austerity measures in spending that will help in the overall plan of hoisting from the pit. Many businesses in Greece are facing challenges while others have collapsed due to the weight of the repercussions. Greek’s problem of tax evasion and the governments inability to collect taxes crowd the country with more than it already has. Also, its membership to EU requires that the country does not devalue its currency to make exports cheaper hence more quagmires (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 173). Solutions for Greece crisis problem The problem with Greece’s debt crises started in the 1980s; therefore, simple strategies meant to help the nation can only suffice for short periods. The path to the future does resemble interventions recommendations that can be suitable for other economies like France, or UK. Greece specificities allow for structural changes in order to stabilize the fiscal sector. These must be accompanied by development incentives. The government must seek ways to stabilize the public economies and the fiscal sector hence the need for stable leadership as this may take long. Greece would be able meet the Lisbon’s treaty requirements and increase market trust by doing this. This would become a firm base upon which sustainable economic growth can be based. In the short term, Greece must make macroeconomic policy cuts and increase taxes tough at the face of mass street protest. In the long term, structural changes in public expenses and revenues are needed in order to stabilize the public economies without choking the developmental perspective (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 171). Greece’s condition allow s many possibilities, but they must be evaluated on the feasibility and effectiveness bearing in mind the serious problem in the country. The only option that Greece has is to adopt actions that will guarantee stability. This lies in structural reforms that are backed by austere measures. Greek has to follow its Stability Program which needs EU supervision on issues like fiscal transparency and national statistical agency. The need for massive bail out is required; however, this must be coupled by a determination to grow slowly. This should focus on strict measures that will involve recession in order to correct the imbalances and help the public finance become strong again to exude credibility (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 174). The goal is increase production base through sustainable growth. This should be done through appropriate planning of the best development model that should emphasize on competitiveness and extroversion. This has a long term advantage in stabilizing public situ ation. When fiscal stabilization and fiscal consolidation test the economic development the creation of appropriate economic environment allows investors to prosper (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 175). Therefore, key stabilization structures can encourage economic growth through private initiatives and entrepreneurs taking risks in order to avert depression by other measures like public expense reduction or reduction of public investment (Batten and Szilagyi, 29). The existing resources in the public sector as measures in structural strategies have to be used. These resources, when used in competent ways, may lead to sustainable reduced public expense. The evaluation of public infrastructure works should guide the policy and decision making process that would help in examining financial and human resources. With this line, the process of rationalizing the public resources should help in actions that lead to evaluation and appraisal of public managers. This should be done to determine co mmensurate rewards through independent processes and criteria. Secondly, evaluation of the civil servant and thirdly record and assess job positions duties and their required qualifications. Also, reforming the public servant regime to ensure flexibility and reconstruction of public-staff transfer framework should be done to allow public servants moving from one service to another. Finally, lifelong education and training processes should be focused on public servants in order to realize public resource management. Increasing tax collection should be the next solution not just as a reason for the crisis, but as a requirement for economic and structural interventions. Tax collection in Greece is one dimensional. It targets the over burdened tax payer group those who are salaried and pensioned as well as those who have invisible income. This forms about 79% of the tax revenues, and thus there is a need to increase tax payers. Out of the 5.5 million tax returns, 4.1 million (74%) do no t pay taxes or get tax rebates leaving a paltry 26 % as the tax revenue yearly contributors. Therefore, there is a need to record real estate electronically and analytically, expand the control of new real estate purchases and to direct this to some groups of people should be the way forward in tax revenue management. There is the need to control suspects who evade taxes and at the same time take measures against the off-shore company transactions. The need to exercise a fair tax system for real estate properties should allow inclusion of specificities in the income of such properties to the owner. Lastly, Greece should carry out high value commercial exchanges by only debiting and crediting professional bank accounts. These accounts should be accessible to the revenue services. In this case, fiscal stabilization, consolidation, and competitiveness for sustainability in economic growth should be the measures necessary for the Greece economy in the face of crisis and a weak economy. This should set the exit strategy out of the financial problem and form the basis for long term sustainable economic development (Batten and Szilagyi, 12). Solutions and strategies to EU crisis The solutions for Euro zone crises lie in timely mobilization of economists and leaders towards anti crisis measures. The design of anti crisis measures involves the implementation of reduction of the budget deficit to less than 3 percent. Before carrying out of these measures, there is a need to establish whether they can work in socio-political countries should be done to assess the viability. The solution to timeliness and sufficiency should help nations in the future to avert serious problems like those already in the zone. The precision to provide Greece with help as already done should be as a temporary measure. Since Greece is about to be bundled out of the EU membership, serious strategies should work to help Greece and other nations get rid of the crises (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 16 7). The issue of aid euros to Greek first solves only problems in the political process like the referendum issue at hand. The real solution lies in improving the productivity of the country. This means that Greece should focus on increasing the value of exports to other nations whether members of EU or not. At the same time, the need for South Europe countries to cut public spending should take foremost backing by the member states and the states themselves. The idea that Germany should help the crisis is far-fetched. This is because each nation is endowed with experts who have to help the country forge forward in hard and good times. Although German is the leading economy in the Euro zone, it has its fair shares of problems to handle. Therefore, depending on it may be disastrous (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 168). The ECB policies have been right so far; however, the question that should be asked is how well it does its work. The fact that Greece and other nations like Bulgaria have falsified their statistics leaves the position worrying. However, this may be a case of tied hands as already noted. The powers to dictate about structural and other economic policies in a nation rest within the nation’s capability and policies. Notably, if the integration in Monetary and Market policy has to be effective; then there is a need to develop strategies to ensure that member states economic and other fiscal policies are coordinated. These strategies must be outlined on supranational forum. In this case, the most advanced countries can have the chance to train and guide the lowest performing nations on measures to attain the outlined measures. In the heat of the moment, political comments suggest the implementation of procedures that ensure nations reach certain requirements needed to join European Commission. These include administrative, structural and financial aspects (Ker-Lindsay 74). If the EU leaders strongly advocate about Stabilization Fund as a long term solution, then the problem of debt will never end. Nations sell their debts to private investors where reasons for debt are not serious like in the Euro zone. For long term solutions to work, normalization of government finance in the countries experiencing the problem is critical. These economies need to become competitive in terms of the economy, which should be backed by strong institutional changes. A total change in the economic models pursued by such countries, which have a restrictive impact on anti-crisis measures, is also critical. Such measures must be based on a number of factors. The political condition of member states should be ready to execute and adopt anti-crisis solutions which must be based on available knowledge and competencies. The need also for preparation of the public in order to agree on reforms meant to prevent rolling back in anti crisis measures. There is also the need for political stability in to guarantee the stable functioning of the government in th e decision making processes during a crisis. Within the EU powers, there is the need to support a nation that is undertaking the anti crisis efforts. The need for conditional support package within the EU policies should be based on the criteria of demonstrative show of support, which indicates confidence in the future of the euro zone. Impact of the Crisis to European integration The Euro crisis has had serious effects to integration and enlargement of the euro zone. The notable increase of the euro zone in the recent past has dwindled due to the current issues. In other aspects, it was considered that the noted increase was a politicization effort to influence states to join the EU (Savona, Kirton, and Oldani, 56). From the crisis point of view, it can have positive and negative impacts. Positively, the requirements of nations to fulfill certain requirements before being accepted in the EU makes nations engage in hard work that guarantees success and viability. The requirement for political stability puts the states on toes, and this improves the EU member states. It is important to note that member states are faced with the issue of never withdrawing from the EU. If withdrawal happens, the state risks an undervalued national currency and difficult and costly legal obstacles. This would place the whole region in an image that is not desirable (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 176). Positively, the EU will keep on checking the quality changes happening in economic forums of individual nations hence improving the overall economic development of the EU. In terms of cultural integration, countries wishing to join the EU need to be at par with the leading EU members. This prospect allows advancement of cultures on to desirable welfare levels in order to benefit from the economic integration. This is positive in that nations may utilize this option to produce and export for better profits. Negatively, this notion assumes that weak nation’s cultures may face foreig n mixing and eventually fade which may be a source of discomfort to conservative nations (IMEMO, para. 11-13). In terms of technology, there is a need to improve basic sending, receiving, and manipulation of information for nations to work at par with the leading EU countries. In the event that integration of technology happens between member states, this means a more advantageous position to members against other non member states. The chance to improve technologically is placed as an ambitious program which can get funding from the EU guidelines hence leading to improved employment. Integration brings advantages to nonmember states, as well as advantages. The EU policy on foreign policy for non member states must strive to help nations to come to terms with emerging issues. In this context, it can help to secure financial support for such nations from large financial institutions. This is because the performance of such states affects the EU directly and indirectly (IMEMO, para. 1 4-16). The issues with border relationships are also impacted by EU between countries that are interested in joining the EU. Nations can make border issues peaceful or conflicting depending on the treatment from EU. The member states fee and funding from EU creates sustainable fund for processes and administration. However, the crisis at hand has reduced this fund, and in case of any conflicts, there may be serious problems (Savona, Kirton, and Oldani, 59). On another front on integration, reforms in existing guidelines may help to create contingency fund to a nation in case of difficulties that cannot be addressed by the country. This may be a result of the amendment of Lisbon Treaty. The EU may seek to support the G-20 efforts aimed at reforming the global financial institutions. This is aimed at gaining advantage for harmonization of economic policies in the EU states. This will help the EU to shape the economic policy of the region. At the same time, it will help in progress tow ards to innovative economy in the southern members’ states. This will give the chance to help solve the problem of structural inconsistencies between nations as well as the low GDP. The crisis has put Germany back in the leading role of economic integration in the European region due to its favorable and stable economy. Germany has become an important partner in upgrading European Integration. Conclusion The intervention of other EU countries in helping PIIGS members is a strong indication of the future force of this association. Although viewed by many as a one that may not offer the world with solutions, the management of the Euro zone crises will restore the world confidence in the EU. The crisis is a big learning lesson to the EU PIIGS, other EMU nations and the world at large in the process of public and fiscal management. This serves a lesson in the collection of taxes and the insistence of stable and accountable management budget revenues as well as expenditures. The E uro Crises has not subsided, and in the wake of new calls, it is going to improve other policies between nonmember and member states. The force of economic integration allows the Euro to have a voice on the world stage to join hands with G-20 in discussing issues that affect the world. The resolution of this crisis should allow the world to have a view that even the environmental problem is achievable if serious strategies are put in place. Therefore, global warming as an international crisis can also be tackled. Batten, Jonathan and Peter G. Szilagyi. The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Emerging Financial Markets. Bingley, U.K: Emerald, 2011. Print. Hellenic Statistical Authority. Latest Statistical data. 2010. Web. International Monetary Fund. World economic outlook April 2010: rebalancing growth. 2010. Web. IMEMO RAN. Eurozone crisis: causes and consequences for the Euro-Atlantic Region. Moscow. 2010. Web. Ker-Lindsay, James. Crisis and Conciliation: A Year of Rapproche ment between Greece and Turkey. London: I. B. Tauris, 2007. Print. Rossi, Vanessa and Rodrigo Delgado Aguilera. No Painless Solution to Greece’s Debt Crisis. Chatham House, International Economics. 2010. Web. Savona, Paolo, John J. Kirton, and Chiara Oldani. Global Financial Crisis: Global Impact and Solutions. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2011. Print. Sklias, Pantelis and George Galatsidas. The Political Economy of the Greek Crisis: Roots, Causes and Perspectives for Sustainable Development. Middle Eastern Finance and Economics. Issue 7 (2010): 166-177. Print. The Economist. Greece’s sovereign-debt crisis. 2010. Web.

Betrayal in Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth, Free Essays

Betrayal in Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth, Free Essays Ms Piersma ENG 3U October 28, 2015 Betrayal in Macbeth To the majority, betrayal is seen as contrary to our human nature. But, to some individuals betrayal is used as a tool to achieve goals. In William Shakespeares Macbeth characters display acts of betrayal in order to elevate themselves with no regard for themselves of others. First, the act of betrayal is perpetrated. Following, the individuals experience the consequences of their betrayal. Finally, others begin to feel the consequences of acts of betrayal not committed by them. In pursuit of power, people commit acts of betrayal which prove to have consequences for themselves and others Firstly, acts of betrayal are motivated by a desire for power. To begin, individuals commit acts of betrayal to ascend in status. For example, Macbeth betrays the king in order to become the new king. Paradoxically, Macbeth wants the throne but is appalled at the thought of killing the king. However, Macbeth is with the witches when the first two prophecies come true, which leads him to trust them and pursue the third prophecy relentlessly. Macbeth thinks immediately of murdering Duncan, which would create opportunity for the third prophecy, but is still horrified by his own idea. He says, why do I yield to that suggestion/ Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair/ And make my seated heart knock at my ribs/ Against the use of nature? (1.3.144-147). This clearly demonstrates that he understands that betrayal is evil. Additionally, when Macbeth leaves the banquet he is holding in Duncans honor to consider his conflict, he is interrupted by Lady Macbeth who convinces him that killing Dunca n is the best course of action. Macbeth says, I am settled and bend up/ Each corporal agent to this terrible feast (1.7.89-90). The quotations shown above show significant character development for Macbeth, and demonstrates how a desire for power leads to betrayal. Through the vivid imagery in the first quotation, through unfix my hair and make my seated heart knock at my ribs, it is clear that the thought of killing Duncan is hugely distressing for Macbeth. By saying Against the use of nature? Macbeth is explicitly acknowledging that to kill is completely unnatural. However, in the second quotation, it is obvious that Macbeth has decided to set aside his morality in pursuit of power. Macbeth suggests that he will strain every part of his body to kill the king, shown through Each corporal agent to this terrible feast. This resolve and dedication to killing Duncan shows that he is willing to do whatever must be done for him to become king, a stark contrast to the Macbeth whose heart leapt at the thought of killing another. This quotation clearly shows his commitment to the assassination of Duncan because of a desire for power. Secondly, individuals commit acts of betrayal to aid others in their ascent to power. Lady Macbeth betrays her identity as an archetypal woman in order to be able to counsel Macbeth in his pursuit of the throne. For example, in Macbeths castle in Inverness, Lady Macbeth is reading a letter that Macbeth has sent to tell her of the prophecies and their partial fulfillment. Lady Macbeth expresses her determination that the third prophecy will also come true. However, she believes that Macbeth is not capable of the action required, murdering Duncan. She calls on the spirits of darkness and evil to replace all of her feminine qualities with remorseless cruelty so that nothing will stand in the way of her evil plan. She says, Come, you spirits/ That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, / And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full/ Of d irest cruelty! make thick my blood, / Stop up the access and passage to remorse, / That no compunctious visitings of nature/ Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between/ The effect and it! (1.5.43-50). The language she uses, specifically unsex me here,/ And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full/ Of direst cruelty implies that her womanhood impedes her from performing acts of violence and cruelty, which she associates with manliness. Lady Macbeth is willing to abandon her own sex and the presumptions associated with it in pursuit of power, which

Narrative, Plot, and Story

Narrative, Plot, and Story Narrative, Plot, and Story Narrative, Plot, and Story By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between narrative, plot, and story? Not much, but enough that it matters. Here are the distinctions, explained with aids of analogy, plus some details: Narrative is the structure of events the architecture of the story, comparable to the design of a building. Story is the sequence of events, the order in which the narrative occurs the tour through the building. Plot is the sum of the events, told not necessarily in sequential order, but generally consistent with the story and often considered synonymous with the narrative the building itself. But these similar and even overlapping components of composition are further affected by the narrative mode the techniques the author employs to tell the story. Among these strategies are narrative point of view and narrative voice. Narrative Point of View A first-person narrator relates the story by using the pronoun I (or, rarely, if two or more narrators are telling the story simultaneously, we). This device enables the reader to know the narrator’s internal thoughts and feelings as well. This narrative style may indicate that the narrator may or may not consciously be aware of a reading audience. Also, the first-person narrator is not necessarily the main character, or even central to the story. Second-person narrative, rare in literature, is that in which the narrator refers to a character as â€Å"you.† The most frequent mode, third-person narrative, involves reference to characters as â€Å"he,† â€Å"she,† â€Å"they,† or â€Å"it.† Variety is achieved by the author’s decision to narrate subjectively, revealing characters’ thoughts and feelings, or objectively, without internal insight into any of the characters, as well as choice of omniscient or limited point of view: The author either knows all that is occurring in the story or is restricted to sharing only what is known to the focal character. Narrative point of view can vary within the same story, either by section or chapter or even within the same passage. Narrative Voice Narrative voice is the style in which the narrative is presented for example, a character’s recounting of events, or a privileged window into the character’s thoughts and feelings. A narrator may be a participant, a character in the story who describes events, or a nonparticipant, an objective (but not necessarily accurate) observer who is not integrated into the story. Another technique is to feature an unreliable narrator, one whose narrative is initially or ultimately suspect because it contradicts what the reader learns from nonnarrated exposition or other points of view. For instance, in the Japanese film Rashomon, based on two short stories, four characters give conflicting accounts of an event. In Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the title character’s naivetà ©, a plot device enabling author Mark Twain to demonstrate his gift for social satire, makes him an unreliable narrator. Note that narrative applies to nonfiction as well as fiction, and even plot and story have a place in nonfiction, as reporters and authors often manipulate an account by constructing a narrative more sophisticated than the who, what, when, where, and why formula of traditional journalism. There’s even a term for this approach: creative nonfiction. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of LanguagePeace of Mind and A Piece of One's MindDozen: Singular or Plural?

Revolutionary Era Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Revolutionary Era Paper - Essay Example Thirteen colonies in North America joined and broke free from the British Empire, merged, then became the United States of America. They deterred the rules and regulations of Great Britain Parliament that governed them from overseas with no representation. A number of ideas sparked this revolutionary era. During this period, the idea of liberty fueled Americans into actions that sparked revolution in their country2. What the eighteenth-century politicians and other people meant by liberty was, first, a wake up call for individual human rights. This idea was so radical because even the most enlightened and revised monarchs believed customarily that it was their task to keep an eye on what people wrote or believed. Liberals of this revolutionary era protested those particular controls that enslaved their conscious. According to Americans, liberty was of overriding importance to them since they believed it would be through liberty, they would get to choose and define the outcome of thei r censorship. They demanded freedom from arbitrary laws and judges who commonly and easily obeyed rules from the government that did not carry the rule of law to the letter. Their feelings towards freedom of worship with regard to their consciences acted as a morale booster towards revolution. This eventually led to freedom of worship amongst other things. ... However, many eighteenth century men were actually individuals of some kind. They generally shared with other men the belief that it was neither practical nor desirable for women to be their equals. Therefore, they curtailed their political rights. They could not vie for office or participate in the governing of the state. Again, liberals despised the belief that everyone should be equal economically. They based this on the belief that, not everyone could succeed equally in pursuit of acquiring property during American conquest for independence. Hence, great rift in terms of wealth or material possession and income generation between the rich and the poor was highly encouraged and perfectly acceptable by liberals. British administrators taxed Virginia citizens. In 1765, after North America restored peace, the British government decided to push via parliament the Stamp Act that sought to levy taxes on a longer list of legal documents and commercial articles like pamphlets, diplomas, a nd newspapers. Effort to end taxation started as Americans claimed taxation without representation was tyranny. This idea rose questions as to who should make laws for American people. Colonial experience formed people who felt that they were separate and distinct to their very own country. The taxation controversies made these feelings separation and distinctiveness more intense thus bringing them to the fore. These extreme attempts led to expanded governor’s power. As fighting spread and the colonialists moved slowly, East Virginia inhabitants developed ideas of being independent. They inevitably opened up towards open rebellion and boldly shown urge to declare their independence. Some American icons arranged civilized and

Ecological crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ecological crisis - Research Paper Example countries have on the other hand been transferring multinational companies to these countries because of the availability of cheap labor and resources (Dean 2005). This paper therefore will discuss the environmental crisis of Capital vs. Nature appropriation facing Latin America. This will be important in coming up with the possible solutions to the crisis. The history of environmental crisis facing Latin America dates back to the days that economy of United States became developed. United States enacted different laws that were aimed at guarding its natural resources from exploitation by multinational companies. As a result, multinational companies were forced to look for countries where laws were friendly to their activities. At that time, Latin America was facing political upheavals therefore; the countries had no stable laws. This saw mass investment being taken to these countries (Catro 1997). With economies of countries such as Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and Columbia growing tremendously the previous companies and other mushrooming companies have put a strain on natural resources while at the same time the these countries are in need of capital and labor to sustain the growing population (Roberts 2003) Currently, little has been done to reverse the condition with the impact of degradation of the environment in these countries affecting the whole world. Different summits have been held in these countries with the latest being the UN summit on environmental protection (Rio+20) which was held in Brazil. I believe that the solution to this crisis can be achieved by these countries themselves. These countries need to enforce laws that will force the companies to comply with the set measures aimed at improving the environment. In addition, more campaigns need to be conducted in order to sensitize the general public on the importance of taking the appropriate measures in protecting the environment (Dià ¡z 2005). In addition, this region needs to set up a specific

Complex Humanitarian Emergency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Complex Humanitarian Emergency - Essay Example Distributing food nor relief goods do not abate the hardship of the victims since there are other factors that act as an obstacle in giving humanitarian aid. One of the most pronounced factors would be political forces. When an underdeveloped country is hit by a disaster, the government might not be that organized in addressing the situation. There may be international donors willing to give a vast amount of relief goods but the government is laden with bureaucracy and red tape thereby hindering the equitable distribution of resources. It is also ironic to learn that corruption also happens even during times of crisis. Some officials would use the disaster to pursue their political agenda instead of merely helping victims. Some government officials would even hoard supplies for their local town which just violates the concept of impartiality in the Humanitarian Charter. During the case of typhoon Ondoy in the Philippines, there was a local official who used the pump boat to save his family first before taking care of his constituents. Public service simply went out of the picture. An emergency also becomes complex in poor countries since the victims themselves already belong to the marginalized sector of society. Having no adequate nutrition, they are the first casualties who die of hunger when rescue efforts are delayed. More often than not, young children who are malnourished die quickly in evacuation centers. This is a sad reality considering that the right to adequate food according to humanitarian law includes the availability of food in sufficient quantity and its accessibility (The Sphere Project, 2004). Housing is also a major issue that contributes to the complexity of emergencies. While people may be housed in an evacuation center, they are compressed together like sardines.  

Modern philosphy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern philosphy - Essay Example Essentially, Descartes was seen as deigning to question the dependability of science based on empiricism since scientific investigation can only be inference from by means of sensory examination. To prove his point, Descartes underwent what is commonly referred to as an intellectual rebirth and to achieve this he had to deconstruct everything he had learnt from birth since he had leant it through his senses and he wanted to prove that they could deceive. To this end, he postulated a few arguments among them the dream theory, suggested that when one dreams of say a fire, they feel warm and experience the selfsame experience they do when they are actually basking in a fire. The same argument can be extended to cover other sensation that people perceive even the absence of stimulating agents or situations. For example, one can dream they are falling and they will wake up with a sense of terror and probably break in to a sweat with fear exactly as they would have if they had actually bei ng falling. Similarly, he makes an argument about whether God actually exists or whether a deceiving demon or evil genius manipulates humans. He argues, can one know that they have no body but they simply exist in the form of a mind in which information is fed and the physical sensations are actually imagined. This concept has been demonstrated in several works of art more so films such as â€Å"inception† where the plot involves a situation in which the characters are able to move and manipulate events in the lives of others by accessing their brain while they dreamt. In the wax example, Descartes further demonstrates the unreliability of the senses by claiming that a piece of wax in its solid form will look, feel and smell very differently from itself if it were melted. Therefore, someone not familiar with wax may see two entirely different things by looking at wax in its different forms although essentially they are the same thing. At the end of the day, Descartes wishes t o invite his audience to abandon their blind, (so to speak) reliance of scientific enquiry and investigate everything from a rational point of view. In the famous cogito argument , he claims I am therefore I exist, to prove this he chooses to doubt everything including his own existence which is after all only aware of by means of sensory powers (Kaufman 12). When he figuratively scraps of all his knowledge, he remains with the only bit that is not based on empiricisms, and the fact that he doubts everything means that not everything might actually exist. Nevertheless, that he is capable of doubting is proof of the existence of his doubt and this translates into this existence since he must be existing to doubt. This argument while seeming farfetched and illogical to the non-critical eyes actually bears a point that almost everyone including his greatest critics would agree. An individual cannot know much about something else than about himself because as proved by Descartes, one do es not need to apply sensory powers to prove their own sense of being (De Marzio 312). Therefore, the most qualified way of understanding one’s self is the one that does not use empirical reasoning, why them, Descartes seems to

Encouraging the Growth of a Young Artist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Encouraging the Growth of a Young Artist - Essay Example Pente (in Grauer,Irwin & Emme, 2011) contends that developmental models can guide teachers in understanding ways children make art and to understand the broad differences among the various ages, however, many other factors can influence a child’s art development such as the materials to be used, socio-cultural considerations, and contemporary contexts in the child’s life. These can either advance or hinder a child’s art development, no matter what developmental stage he belongs to. Although it is important for teachers to know the developmental level of the children they teach so they are aware of the skills they can already learn and do, it is still essential for a teacher to be a keen observer of children’s interests and learning styles. Marne-Thompson (2009) argues that this is the best way for teachers to learn how children use art to learn and express meaning into it. Eisner (2002) offers five principles that guide teachers in art education. He enumer ates: Art education should give pride of place to what is distinctive about the arts†¦ foster the growth of artistic intelligence, help students how to create satisfying visual images, help students recognize what is personal, distinctive and even unique about themselves and their work.. and make special efforts to enable students to secure aesthetic forms of experience in everyday life (Grauer,Irwin & Emme, 2011, p. 13). In following these guidelines, teachers of young children will gain enough confidence to teach Art. Teaching Art to a Six-year old Boy I had the pleasure of working one-on-one with a creative little boy of six. In observing him, I learned that he was quite adept in using some art materials, as he exhibited good fine motor skills in drawing, cutting, pasting, molding and pasting. My objectives for our art sessions were: To inspire him to express his creativity through art To engage him in the process of collage-making, clay-molding and painting as art forms To motivate him to use art as a creative expression of himself And to simply enjoy the art activities. The first activity was creating a a big black spider with different coloured thick cardboard paper. We first discussed how spiders looked and he described that it looks like a bug but with eight legs. Then, to encourage his imaginative thinking, I asked him how he would want his own spider to look if he was to design it. He said he wanted it big and scary, but happy with a lot of colors in order to â€Å"attract friends who’d think he’s scary, but when they get to know him, is actually a friendly guy†. This verbalization about his planned art work corresponds to the talk as art criticism as referred to by Feldman (1994) when he says â€Å"Art criticism has become the storytelling aspect of art and aesthetics and transforms visual experiences into verbal expressions that can be shared with others (Cromer, 1990, p. 9 as mentioned in Grauer, Irwin & Emme, 2011, p.10 9). He started to cut an oval out of thick black cardboard and eight long rectangular â€Å"legs† and attached these around the oval. He also cut a smaller oval to attach as the head. Next, he chose different colors of construction paper and began cutting them in different shapes. For some, he tore, leaving some fibers of the paper exposed at the edges. Then, he carefully pasted the different colors randomly on the big oval, covering all the

Modern philosphy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern philosphy - Essay Example Essentially, Descartes was seen as deigning to question the dependability of science based on empiricism since scientific investigation can only be inference from by means of sensory examination. To prove his point, Descartes underwent what is commonly referred to as an intellectual rebirth and to achieve this he had to deconstruct everything he had learnt from birth since he had leant it through his senses and he wanted to prove that they could deceive. To this end, he postulated a few arguments among them the dream theory, suggested that when one dreams of say a fire, they feel warm and experience the selfsame experience they do when they are actually basking in a fire. The same argument can be extended to cover other sensation that people perceive even the absence of stimulating agents or situations. For example, one can dream they are falling and they will wake up with a sense of terror and probably break in to a sweat with fear exactly as they would have if they had actually bei ng falling. Similarly, he makes an argument about whether God actually exists or whether a deceiving demon or evil genius manipulates humans. He argues, can one know that they have no body but they simply exist in the form of a mind in which information is fed and the physical sensations are actually imagined. This concept has been demonstrated in several works of art more so films such as â€Å"inception† where the plot involves a situation in which the characters are able to move and manipulate events in the lives of others by accessing their brain while they dreamt. In the wax example, Descartes further demonstrates the unreliability of the senses by claiming that a piece of wax in its solid form will look, feel and smell very differently from itself if it were melted. Therefore, someone not familiar with wax may see two entirely different things by looking at wax in its different forms although essentially they are the same thing. At the end of the day, Descartes wishes t o invite his audience to abandon their blind, (so to speak) reliance of scientific enquiry and investigate everything from a rational point of view. In the famous cogito argument , he claims I am therefore I exist, to prove this he chooses to doubt everything including his own existence which is after all only aware of by means of sensory powers (Kaufman 12). When he figuratively scraps of all his knowledge, he remains with the only bit that is not based on empiricisms, and the fact that he doubts everything means that not everything might actually exist. Nevertheless, that he is capable of doubting is proof of the existence of his doubt and this translates into this existence since he must be existing to doubt. This argument while seeming farfetched and illogical to the non-critical eyes actually bears a point that almost everyone including his greatest critics would agree. An individual cannot know much about something else than about himself because as proved by Descartes, one do es not need to apply sensory powers to prove their own sense of being (De Marzio 312). Therefore, the most qualified way of understanding one’s self is the one that does not use empirical reasoning, why them, Descartes seems to

What is Osteoporosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What is Osteoporosis - Essay Example After the maximal bone mass is attained at the age 30, the rate of bone loss for both gender is approximately 0.5% per year, and it increase to approximately 1% per year or more in menopausal women. This is so because, estrogen acts indirectly to suppress bone re-sorption, an action reduced/absent during menopause. Poor nutrition or an age-related decrease in intestinal absorption of calcium because of deficient activation of vitamin D is a culprit of the prevalence of Osteoporosis among elderly. "In the United States, 10 million people already have osteoporosis. Millions more have low bone mass, or osteopenia, placing them at increased risk for more serious bone loss and subsequent fractures"."Hip fractures are common and are often devastating in the geriatric population". Other risk factors found to be associated with this disease include, smoking, alcohol ingestion and genetic predisposition. As with the case at hand patient Hunt manifested almost all of the indicated risk factors , having had hysterectomy at the age 45 inducing early menopause, smoking and alcohol consumption and most of all, a history of calcium and Vitamin D deficiency as evidenced by Rickets disease in her childhood. Weight-bearing exercises like jogging, walking, rowing and weight lifting are important in maintaining bone mass. "Studies have indicated that pre-menopausal women need more than 1000mg and post-menopausal women needs 1500mg of calcium daily" (Andrews. 1998). This means that adults should drink 3 to 4 glasses of milk daily or substitute other foods that are high in calcium (Bukata & Rosier. 2000). Calcium supplements and a daily intake of 400-800 IU of Vitamin D is recommended because the latter optimizes calcium absorption and inhibits parathyroid secretion, stimulating calcium re-sorption from the bone (Weinstein & Ullery. 2000). Estrogen Therapy is the single most powerful intervention to reduce the incidence and progression of osteoporosis. If commenced immediately after menopause prevents early-stage bone loss and provides beneficial effects if administered throughout the eight decade of women's years (Gambert Et. Al. 1995). Women with breast cancer, active liver disease, a hist ory of blood clots, or unexplained vaginal bleeding should, under no circumstance, go on HRT (Cooper). Additionally women who have migraine headaches, high triglycerides, gallbladder or chronic liver disease, a history of cancer of the uterus or ovaries, fibroids, history of endometriosis, or a history of exposure to the estrogen DES should go under careful evaluation before even considering HRT (Hueseman, 2002). Active treatment of osteoporosis uses four types of agents; gonadal hormones (estrogen), calcitonin, fluorides and biphosphonates. Calcitonin can be used to decrease osteoclastic activity. Although the risk of endometrial cancer is increased with hormone therapy, risk is reduced with subsequent administration of progestin (Riggs & Melton. 1992). In the cases where fracture is involved, management includes immobilization, pain medication, early ambulation and wound care. Surgical intervention is done for stable fracture fixation that allows early restoration of mobility and functions; this means early weight bearing. Walking and

Socialism in Russia Essay Example for Free

Socialism in Russia Essay Socialism has its origins in the French Revolution of 1789 and the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution, although it has precedents in earlier movements and ideas. The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848 just before the Revolutions of 1848 swept Europe, expressing what they termed scientific socialism. In the last third of the 19th century in Europe social democratic parties arose in Europe drawing mainly from Marxism. The Australian Labor Party was the worlds first elected socialist party. In 1903, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party began to split on ideological and organizational questions into Bolshevik (Majority) and Menshevik (Minority) factions, with Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin leading the more radical Bolsheviks. Both wings accepted that Russia was an economically backward country unripe for socialism. The Mensheviks awaited the capitalist revolution in Russia. But Lenin argued that a revolution of the workers and peasants would achieve this task. After the Russian revolution of 1905, Leon Trotsky argued that unlike the French revolution of 1789 and the European Revolutions of 1848 against absolutism, the capitalist class would never organize a revolution in Russia to overthrow absolutism, and that this task fell to the working class who, liberating the peasantry from their feudal yoke, would then immediately pass on to the socialist tasks and seek a permanent revolution to achieve international socialism. Nationalist tried to create regional self-government for the Assyrian people with the socialist ideology. He even wrote the Uremia Manifesto of the United Free Assyria. However, his attempt was put to an end

Effect of DDT on the Environment

Effect of DDT on the Environment Effect of DDT to This Environment Pesticides became a bad forebode in agriculture since mid-twentieth century. In agriculture, pesticides are an important element to control the major vector-borne diseases such as malaria and visceral leishmaniasis. There are 4 major groups of pesticides: insecticides, rodenticides, herbicides and fungicides. Although pesticides are vital to protect the crop and also human health in the whole world, but due to their detrimental effects on natural ecosystems more deaths are cause by the pesticide poisoning than infectious diseases. Hence, we should focus more on the short and long term harms of pesticides on the environment. Most of the pesticides are highly toxic and will have immediate adverse effects on human health and also wildlife. Besides that, pesticides which spray on the plant at ground will easily contaminate the soil, water and air. The chronic consequences cause by pesticide including neurotoxic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic, hormonal and reproductive effects. One of the hig hly problematic pesticides is the insecticide dichlorodiphenlytrichoroethane also known as DDT. 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane is the scientific name of DDT and the chemical formula is C14H9Cl5. DDT is build up by 14 carbon, 9 hydrogen and 5 chlorine atoms (Figure 1). Figure 1. Molecular structure of DDT. In its nature form, DDT is crystalline powder with odorless to slightly fragrant in white color. The melting point is at 108.5ËÅ ¡C, and boiling point at 185ËÅ ¡C. DDT is highly insoluble in water but is soluble in most organic solvents. This molecule is lipophilic and partitions readily into the fat of all living organisms. Biomagnification and bioaccumulation in the food web make this molecule become more negative impact to the organisms. When the DDT break down the product will be 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD or TDE) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene)(DDE). These two compounds are actually also present everywhere in the environment and are more persistent than the parent compound (Ritter, Solomon, Forget, 1996). DDT is an organochlorine insecticide and is considered a persistent organic pollutant (POP) (PAN Germany for PAN International, 2009). According to Turusov et al. (2002), in year 1874, DDT was first synthesized but until year 1943 its insecticidal properties just discovered and in 1943 large-scale industrial production are started. DDT is contributed to worldwide use and widely accepted by people because of its low price and effectiveness to control malaria and typhus during and immediately after World War II. In order to control the agriculture and forest pests, much more DDT was used after 1945. About 400,000 tons of DDTs were used yearly in this world at 1960s, and 70 – 80% was used for agriculture (Turusov et al., 2002). DDT is a persistent, widespread environmental contaminant that causes significant anatomical, behavioral abnormalities and physiological in humans and also wildlife (Iwaniuk, et al., 2006). In January 1970, the first country – Sweden had banned the use of DDT. In the same year, the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R) was prohibited all DDT and DDT-based products for use as pesticides because of their destruction and persistence effect by bioaccumulation and the carcinogenicity. The production and use of DDT in agriculture were banned too in 1981, but the use for public health purposed was still allowed. In year 1972, most uses of DDT were banned in other countries. The use of DDT has been banned in 34 countries and severely restricted in 34 other countries. Argentina, Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Finland, Hong Kong, Japan, Mozambique, Lebanon, Switzerland, Norway, and USA are the countries that have banned DDT. The countries that have severely restricted its use include Thailand, Israel, Panama, Kenya, Mexico, Belize, India, Ecuador and the EU (Ritter, Solomon, Forget, 1996). DDT is not very strong toxic like most of the organochlorine insecticides, but this chemical is widely use and spread (Ritter, Solomon, Forget, 1996). In Turusov et al. (2001) study showed that the process of biodegradation of this chemical is very slow and it will persists for a long time in the environment. DDT will likely to accumulate in the food chain and in the tissues of living organisms. When expose to DDT and digest it, this molecule will store in all the tissues, especially in fat. Bioaccumulation occurred by accumulate the DDT from small concentration to high concentration in the food web. Due to it widespread, uncontrolled, and intensive use, this chemical has resulted in worldwide pollution. In the body of all birds and fishes analyzed in the study of Turusov et al. (2001), DDT residues are found even in those living in desert areas or in the depths of the oceans. Human are most likely to be exposed to DDT from the food they eat. Almost all the meat, fish, and dairy products are contaminating with DDT. Hence, by eating, breathing or touching the products which contaminated with DDT, this chemical will easily absorbed into our body. After ingested, DDT will convert into several breakdown products called metabolites that included DDE and stored in the fatty tissues. For the pregnant women, DDT and DDE can be passed to the fetus by breast feeding (Centers for Disease Control and Preventation, 2009). If human expose to high concentration of DDT, the symptoms like vomiting, tremors or shakiness, and seizures will occur. Besides that, DDT also considered a possible human carcinogen. Birds usually played a major role in creating awareness of pollution problems. Birds are most probably believed to expose to DDT by ingestion (Enrlich, et al. 1988). The pesticide can be swallowing by the birds directly or the birds eat the contaminated prey. Besides that, they may also ingest pesticide residues off feathers while preening, or they may drink or bathe in contaminated water. When the birds expose to aerially spread DDT, the chemical will absorbed through the skin or inhaled into the body (Edwards, 2004). DDT and DDE are persistent as they tend to concentrate as they move through the food chain (Figure 2). In the marine communities, the contaminated planktons are eaten by small fishes, and then bigger fishes will consume small fishes. DDTs are passing from a small concentration in planktons to bigger fish. DDT will store in the fatty acid of fishes, when fish-eating birds consume the fish, all the bio accumulated DDT will pass into the bird’s body. Most of the DD T from numerous fishes ends up in the body of few birds. Bioaccumulation of DDT in birds high on food chains occurs not only because there is usually reduced biomass at each step in those chains, but also because predatory birds tend to live a long time. DDT take in only a little per day, but when they keep most of what they get and they live many days (Deinlein, n.d.). Figure 2. Bioaccumulation of DDT. DDT with high concentration does not usually kill the bird outright. However, DDT and its relatives will alter the bird’s calcium metabolism in a way that results in thin eggshells (Edwards, 2004). Since the eggshells are too thin and are unable to support the weight of the embryo of bird, heavily DDT-infested Brown Pelicans and Bald Eagles tend to find omelets in their nests. DDT resulted in the decimation of the Brown Pelican populations in much of North America and the extermination the Peregrine Falcon in the eastern United States and southeastern Canada. Shell-thinning caused lesser declines in populations of Golden and Bald Eagles and White Pelicans, among others (Enrlich, et al. 1988). Fortunately, the scientists are able to figure out the cause of the breeding failures in time, and the use of DDT was banned almost completely in the US at 1972. The Arctic, polar bears also become one of the victims of DDT. Chemical pollutants are carried towards the Arctic Ocean by the great continental rivers of Russia and Canada. DDT that in the sea are wafted northwards by the currents. Even the DDT molecule in the air will be carry by winds to the Arctic, where they condense in the cold and fall to the ground in snow or hail. The most direct and effective way to bring DDT that will cause an effect to polar bear and its offspring is biomagnification. DDTs are biomagnify as they move up the food chain from the small plankton to polar bear. As polar bear is the carnivores, it accumulates the most concentrated amounts of them. Before the hibernation, polar bear will consume large amount of fish to store as fat. DDT which accumulates in the fish will then store in the fatty tissues. When the polar bear start to use the fat during hibernation, DDT is being release and causes the death. In addition, DDT will also reduce the polar bear capacity to bread and lower their immune system (Polar bears: Walking on thin ice, 2006). The available epidemiologic and scientific data indicate that the presence and persistence of DDT and its metabolites worldwide are still problems of great relevance to public health. It has been debated at the United Nations Environment Program whether DDT should have been totally banned together with 11 other persistent organic pollutants. However, the total ban of DDT was sharply criticized in South Africa. This is because, a temporary total ban on the use of DDT for indoor spraying resulted in a sudden increase in malaria. Now, 11 countries in Africa, 7 in Asia, and 5 in Latin America still use DDT for vector disease control (Turusov et al., 2002). There is a general consensus that limited and strictly controlled use of DDT should be allowed for public health purposes, in particular where other effective, safe, and affordable alternatives are not available, and the benefits are clearly far superior to possible risks. In conclusion, to solve the problem of DDT an efficient pestici des that do not have the negative properties of DDT and its metabolites should be sought with the goal of replacing DDT completely. References Centers for Disease Control and Preventation (CDC), (2009). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/pdf/DDT_FactSheet.pdf Deinlein, M. (n.d.). Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center. When it comes to pesticides, birds are sitting ducks. Retrieved from http://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/migratorybirds/fact_sheets/fxsht8.pdf Edwards, J. G. (2004). DDT: A case study in scientific fraud. Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons, 9, 3, 83-88. Ehrlich, P. R., Dobkin, D. S., Wheye, D. (1988). DDT and birds. Retrieved from https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/DDT_and_Birds.html Iwaniuk, A. N., Koperski, D. T., Cheng, K. M., Elliott, J. E., Smith, L. K., †¦, Wylie, D. R. W. (2006). The effects of environmental exposure to DDT on the brain of a songbird: Changes in structures associated with mating and song. Behavioural BrainResearch, 173, 1-10. Polar bears: Walking on thin ice. (2006). Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/polar-bears-walking-on-thin-ice-523207.html Ritter, L., Solomon, K. R., Forget, J. (1996). Persistent organic pollutants. Retrieved from http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/ritter/en/ritteren.pdf Turusov, V., Rakitsky, V. Tomatis, L. (2002). DIchlorodiphenytrichloroethane (DDT): Ubiquity, persistence, and risks. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 2, 125-128.